PRACTICES·FILE
LAST UPDATED 21.09.2026
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1933—2018EVIDENCE FILE

825 patients.Eight psychiatrists.

Leros, March 1993. One shower for every 36 people.
No campaigner reported this. Inspectors from the Council of Europe counted it.

Twelve years earlier, a Greek presidential decree had created 225 posts of Patient Guard at the same institution — and five posts of director-psychiatrist. This page is not anti-psychiatry. It is a file on specific practices that were documented, and on the people who stopped them — most of whom were psychiatrists. Forty-three claims were checked against their primary sources; eight did not hold, and are published in Part X with the reason for each failure.

1949
NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE
FOR LEUCOTOMY
1953
BOURNE WRITES
TO THE LANCET
1967
THE BMJ PUBLISHES
AVERSION THERAPY
1993
THE CPT INSPECTS
LEROS
2018
SENI'S LAW
UNITED KINGDOM

How to read this page

The problem with the material circulating about psychiatry is not that all of it is false. It is that it mixes documented findings from official inspections with claims that do not hold, and so discredits both. Every finding here carries its level of proof — the same system as psychdrugs.org:

COURT

A judgment, an inquest conclusion or an Act. Decided by a competent body.

REGULATORY

An official inspection report, government agency finding or international body.

PEER-REVIEWED

Published research broadly accepted in the literature.

OPEN DISPUTE

Live disagreement, scientific or legal. Both sides are given.

UNVERIFIED

A claim that circulates, but for which no primary source was found. Cited with the gap declared.

CONTENTS

Eleven sections, each documented on its own

Every section stands alone, with its own sources. Start with whichever concerns you.

PART A Institutions 825 patients at Leros, March 1993 Leros circulates as a 1989 image. There is also an official document with a number and paragraphs — and it says more precise things than the image. Read this section → PART B Restraint 25 minutes prone; the recommendation was 3 There is no reliable count of restraint deaths. There are two fully documented cases — and the story of what happened to the recommendations. Read this section → PART C Involuntary detention 2 rulings against Greece at Strasbourg Two claims that sound serious and do not hold as stated: that the UN banned involuntary detention, and that Greece leads Europe in compulsory admissions. Read this section → PART D DSM 69% of the DSM-5 task force disclosed ties The manual that defines who has a disorder did not fall from the sky; committees wrote it. Who sat on them, and what they declared. Read this section → PART E Ghostwriting 22 named authors; someone else wrote the draft A deliberately small section: three of the eight strands researched did not survive verification. What remains sits in court-filed documents. Read this section → PART F Abandoned treatments 1949 Nobel for lobotomy — never revoked None of these was fringe: published in the leading journals, prized, taught. And nearly every time, the first to say so publicly came from inside. Read this section → PART G The state 1983 withdrew from the WPA before expulsion The clearest documented case of diagnosis used politically — and the topic where the most inflated numbers circulate. And China, with UN documents instead of numbers. Read this section → PART H The insiders DSM-IV its chair became DSM-5's leading critic Not a balancing gesture but the conclusion of the rest: nearly every practice here stopped because someone inside the field published against it. Read this section → PART I Today 224 patients in every controlled ECT trial The largest study of memory was done in 2007, by an advocate of the method, and found deficits at six months. Its own defender concedes we do not know what remains once it stops. Read this section → PART J Eugenics 25,000 sterilised by statute in Japan; 63,000 in Sweden Japan's law stood for forty-eight years and was held unconstitutional from enactment. Sweden counted 63,000 sterilisations and compensated 1,591 people. Czechia expected 400 applications and received 2,088. Read this section → UNVERIFIED Unverified 8 claims that did not survive checking Forty-three claims were checked against their primary sources. Eight did not hold, and are published with the reason each failed. Read this section →

What this page does not say

Because this material is often used to support conclusions that do not follow from it:

The difference between an evidence file and an indictment is that the file also publishes what does not hold. Of the forty-three claims in the first round of checking, eight did not survive, and are published as such.

What you can do with this

  1. Check it. Every claim carries a DOI, a PMID, a case number or an official report number. We are not asking you to believe us.
  2. If this concerns you or someone close to you in hospital, the rights and time limits in the relevant statute are specific. Greece's two Strasbourg rulings were precisely about failure to observe limits the law already sets.
  3. Do not repeat numbers without a source, whatever they show. The eight that were rejected circulate widely and sound serious.
  4. No treatment decision is made from a website. Not from this one either. Talk to your treating doctor.
  5. If you find an error, write to me. Corrections are recorded, not silently deleted.

Frequently asked questions

Short answers based on the text of this page. The sources for every figure are listed below.

What did the Council of Europe committee find at Leros?

On its visit of 14–26 March 1993 the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture recorded 825 patients with only 8 psychiatrists among 39 doctors, one pavilion of 200 people confined to their beds in rooms with no heating, and one shower per 36 patients. Its finding is worded as conditions 'akin to inhuman and degrading treatment'. The Committee states explicitly that it heard no allegations and gathered no evidence of torture or deliberate ill-treatment, and attributes the cause to a severe shortage of resources. Report CPT/Inf (94) 20.

Has Greece been found in violation over involuntary psychiatric detention?

Yes, in two cases, both in 2011: Venios (no. 33055/08) and Karamanof (no. 46372/09). In both, the violation of Article 5 § 1 (e) was that Greek law itself — Law 2071/1992 — had not been followed: internment without the prosecutor's intervention, 37 days without judicial review, detention for eight days after a court had refused. Neither judgment holds involuntary commitment to be contrary to the Convention.

Does Greece have the highest involuntary admission rate in Europe?

No, on the only available cross-national measure. Greece recorded 78.9 involuntary hospitalisations per 100,000 population against a 22-country median of 106.4 (Sheridan Rains et al., Lancet Psychiatry 2019) — below the median. The 57.4% figure that circulates refers to 946 admissions at one hospital over five months in 2011 and is a proportion of admissions, not a population rate. The two are not comparable.

Was the 1949 Nobel Prize for lobotomy ever revoked?

No. The prize went to the neurologist António Egas Moniz 'for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses' and has never been withdrawn. No Nobel Prize in any category ever has been: the Nobel Foundation states that neither the will nor the statutes provide a mechanism for revocation, and § 10 provides that no appeal may be made against the decision.

Does the 1973 Rosenhan experiment still stand?

It cannot be relied on as evidence, though it has never been retracted. Documents from Rosenhan's private papers show that his own admission record contained far more symptom reporting than he published, and that a ninth participant whose experience contradicted the findings was excluded. These are documented serious doubts, not proven fraud, and the principal source is secondary.

The sister fileFor the drugs themselves — guilty pleas, FDA and MHRA warnings, and national prescription data — there is a separate file built to the same sourcing rules.

psychdrugs.org →

Written by Petros Chatzianastasiou
I am not a doctor, a lawyer or a researcher. Every claim here cites a public document you can check; where a person or body is named, it is the document that names them, and nothing is attributed beyond what that document states. This page gives no medical or legal advice and recommends no course of action regarding treatment or hospitalisation, yours or anyone else's. Errors are corrected as soon as they are evidenced.

About this site →

All sources

The full list of 120 sources. Each section repeats only the ones it cites.

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